DEVELOPMENT OF SHEET STEEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY. Report 2. STEELS DP, CP, TRIP, TWIP
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2026-1-27-40Keywords:
automotive sheet, steel, flat rolled products, microalloying, galvanized rolled productsAbstract
The article provides an overview of the development of sheet steel production technology and in particular automotive sheet metal products. DP, CP, TRIP, TWIP steels and their features are considered. The currently commercially available and widely used AHSS steels are the result of significant early work on two-phase steels in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Two-phase steels are one of the most widely used advanced high-strength steels in the modern automotive industry. DP steels have high specific strength, good initial strain hardening rate, continuous flowability and superior ductility compared to conventional steels. Complex phase (CP) steels belong to the group of steels with usually very high tensile strength (UTS ≈ 800 MPa and higher). CP steels generally have a chemical composition and microstructure similar to TRIP steels, but contain some amounts of other elements (Nb, Ti, and V). These additional elements enhance the precipitation hardening effect. CP steels generally do not contain residual austenite, but contain harder phases such as martensite and bainite in a ferrite-bainite matrix. Alloy design strategies based on low packing defect energy (SFE), such as transformation-induced ductility (TRIP) steels and twin-induced ductility (TWIP) steels, have been developed for the automotive industry due to their superior combination of tensile strength and ductility, but have not been widely adopted.
References
Takahashi M. Sheet steel technology for the last 100 years: progress in sheet steels in hand with the automotive industry // Tetsu-to-Hagane. 2013. V. 100, Iss. 1. P. 82–93.
Бхатташария Д. Перспективы развития высокопрочных IF-сталей // Международный семинар «Совре-менные достижения в металлургии и технологии производства сталей для автомобильной промышленности», 17–18 февраля 2004. — М.: Металлургиздат, 2004. С. 71–82.
Родионова И., Филиппов Г. Технологические аспекты производства сталей для автомобилестроения // Национальная металлургия. 2004. № 2. С. 93–97.
Титов В. Стальной прокат для автомобильной промышленности // Национальная металлургия. 2004. № 5. С. 84–89.
Ghosh P., Ghosh C. Precipitation in interstitial free high strength steels // ISIJ International. 2009. V. 49. № 7. P. 1080–1086.
Изотов А. В. Технология производства особонизкоуглеродистой стали в кислородно-конвертерном цехе с агрегатами большой вместимости: дис. ... канд. техн. наук. — Магнитогорск, 2004. — 149 c.
Basic open hearth steelmaking / Ed. by W. O. Philbrook and M. B. Bever, 2nd ed. — New York: AIME, 1951.
Oikawa H., Murayama G., Hiwatashi S., Matsuyama K. Resistance spot weldability of high strength steel sheets for automobiles and the quality assurance of joints // Welding in the World. 2007. V. 51. P. 7–18.
Abe M. Production technologies of sheet steels // ISIJ. — Tokyo, 2000. — 132 p.
Франценюк И. В., Франценюк Л. И. Современные технологии производства металлопроката на Новоли-пецком металлургическом комбинате. — М.: ИКЦ «Академкнига», 2003. — 208 с.
Беняковский М. А., Масленников В. А. Автомобильная сталь и тонкий лист. — Череповец: Издательский дом «Череповец», 2007. — 636 с.
Li C., Li Z., Cen Y. etc. Microstructure and mechanical properties of dual phase strip steel in the overaging pro-cess of continuous annealing // Materials Science and Engineering A. 2015. V. 627. P. 281–289.
Adamczyk J., Grajcar A. Effect of heat treatment conditions on the structure and mechanical properties of DP-type steel // Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering. 2006. V. 17. P. 305–308.
Maffei B., Salvatore W., Valentini R. Dual-phase steel rebars for high-ductile r.c. structures. Part 1: Microstruc-tural and mechanical characterization of steel rebars // Engineering Structures. 2007. V. 29, Iss. 12. P. 3325–3332.
Tasan C. C., Diehl M., Yan D. etc. An overview of dual-phase steels: advances in microstructure-oriented pro-cessing and micromechanically guided design // Annual Review of Materials Research. 2015. V. 45. P. 391–431.
Chang P. H., Preban A. G. The effect of ferrite grain-size and martensite volume fraction on the tensile proper-ties of dual phase steel // Acta Metallurgica. 1985. V. 33, № 5. P. 897–903.
Zackay V. F., Parker E. R., Fahr D. etc. The enhancement of ductility in high-strength steels // ASM Trans Quart. 1967. V. 60, № 2. P. 252–259.
Kyröläinen A., Vilpas M., Hänninen H. Use of stainless steels in bus coach structures // Journal of Materials En-gineering and Performance. 2000. V. 9, № 6. P. 669–677.
Tavares S. S. M., Pardal J. M., Gomes da Silva M. J. etc. Deformation induced martensitic transformation in a 201 modified austenitic stainless steel // Materials Characterization. 2009. V. 60, Iss. 8. P. 907–911.
Sakuma Y., Matlock D. K., Krauss G. Intercritically annealed and isothermally transformed 0.15 Pct C steels containing 1.2 Pct Si–1.5 Pc tMn and 4 Pct Ni: Part I. Transformation, microstructure, and room-temperature mechani-cal properties // Metallurgical Transactions A. 1992. V. 23. P. 1221–1232.
Bouaziz O., Zurob H., Huang M. Driving force and logic of development of advanced high strength steels for automotive applications // Steel Research International. 2013. V. 84. № 10. P. 937–947.
Mittal M. Effect of inter-critical annealing parameters on the recrystallization, austenite formation and stabili-zation in a dual phase steels // PhD thesis. — India: Thapar University, 2014.
Ramazani A., Ebrahimi Z., Prahl U. Study of the effect of martensite banding on the failure initiation in dual-phase steel // Computational Materials Science. 2014. V. 87. P. 241–247.
Meng Q., Li J., Wang J., etc. Effect of water quenching process on microstructure and tensile properties of alloy cold rolled dual-phase steel // Materials & Design. 2009. V. 30. P. 2379–2385.
Rana R., Liu C., Ray R. K. Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties during thermo-mechanical processing of a low-density multiphase steel for automotive application // Acta Materialia. 2014. V. 75. P. 227–245.
Schmitt J. H., Iung T. New developments of advanced high-strength steels for automotive applications // Comptes Rendus Physique. 2018. V. 19, № 8. P. 641–656.
Беняковский М. А., Мазур B. Л, Мелешко В. И. Производство автомобильного листа. — М.: Металлур-гия, 1979. — 256 с.
Chen L., Zhao Y., Qin X. Some aspects of high manganese twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel, a review // Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters). 2013. V. 26. P. 1–15.
Bouaziz O., Allain S., Scott C. P. etc. High manganese austenitic twinning induced plasticity steels: A review of the microstructure properties relationships // Current opinion in solid state and materials science. 2011. V. 15, Iss. 4. P. 141–168.
De Cooman B. C., Kwon O., Chin K. G. State-of-the-knowledge on TWIP steel // Materials Science and Techno-logy. 2012. V. 28, Iss. 5. P. 513–527.
Li Z., Tasan C. C., Pradeep K. G., Raabe D. A TRIP-assisted dual-phase high-entropy alloy: grain size and phase fraction effects on deformation behavior // Acta Materialia. 2017. V. 131. P. 323–335.
Grässel O., Krüger L., Frommeyer G., Meyer L. W. High strength Fe–Mn–(Al, Si) TRIP/TWIP steels develop-ment–properties–application // International Journal of plasticity. 2000. V. 16, Iss. 10–11. P. 1391–1409.
Wei Y., Li Y., Zhu L. etc. Evading the strength–ductility trade-off dilemma in steel through gradient hierarchical nanotwins // Nature Communications. 2014. V. 5, № 1. 3580.
Galán J., Samek L., Verleysen P. etc. Advanced high strength steels for automotive industry // Revista de Meta-lurgia. 2012. V. 48, № 2. P. 118–131.
Merklein M., Lechler J., Geiger M. Characterisation of the flow properties of the quenchenable ultra high strength steel 22MnB5 // CIRP Annals. 2006. V. 5, Iss. 1. P. 229–232.
Vaissiere L., Laurent J. P., Reinhardt A. Development of pre-coated boron steel for applications on PSA Peugeot Citroën and Renault bodies in white // SAE Transactions. Vol. 111, Section 5: Journal of Materials and Manufacturing. 2002. P. 909–917.
Karbasian H., Tekkaya A. E. A review on hot stamping // Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2010. V. 210, Iss. 15. P. 2103–2118.
Berglund G. The history of hardening of boron steel in northern Sweden // 1st International conference on hot sheet metal forming of high-performance steel, Kassel, Germany. 2008. P. 175–177.
Aspacher J. Forming hardening concepts // 1st International conference on hot sheet metal forming of high per-formance steel, Kassel, Germany. 2008. P. 77–81.
Naderi M. Hot stamping of ultra high strength steels // Doctoral diss. — Aachen: Techn. Hochsch, 2007. — 190 p.
Merklein M., Lechler J., Stoehr T. Characterization of tribological and thermal properties of metallic coatings for hot stamping boron-manganese steels // Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Coatings in Manufac-turing Engineering. 2008. P. 1–3.
Garcia L. Experiments, material data and simulation of hot stamping of quenchable steel // Proc. IDDRG 2003 Conf. 2003. P. 155–163.
De Cooman B. C., Estrin Y., Kim S. K. Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels // Acta Materialia. 2018. V. 142. P. 283–362.
Frommeyer G., Brüx U., Neumann P. Supra-ductile and high-strength manganese-TRIP/TWIP steels for high energy absorption purposes // ISIJ International. 2003. V. 43, Iss. 3. P. 438–446.
Chung K., Ahn K., Yoo D. H. etc. Formability of TWIP (twinning induced plasticity) automotive sheets // Inter-national Journal of Plasticity. 2011. V. 27, Iss. 1. P. 52–81.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 ЧЕРНАЯ МЕТАЛЛУРГИЯ. Бюллетень научно-технической и экономической информации
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
